There are 184 states that currently maintain diplomatic relations with the Holy See. To these must be added the European Union and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. There are 93 Embassy Chancelleries accredited to the Holy See with headquarters in Rome, including those of the European Union and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. The Offices accredited to the Holy See of the League of Arab States, the International Organization for Migration and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees are also based in Rome.

During 2025, on 31 July, the Agreement between the Holy See and the Italian Republic regarding an agrivoltaic facility at Santa Maria di Galera was signed. On 29 September, the Agreement between the Holy See and the Land Berlin on the Institute for Catholic Theology at the Humboldt University of Berlin was signed. Finally, 3 November marked the entry into force of the Exchange of Letters between the Italian Republic and the Holy See in Rome on 12 November 2024 and in Vatican City on 23 December 2024, constituting an Amendment to the Agreement through the Exchange of Letters between the Italian Republic and the Holy See on spiritual assistance to the Armed Forces, in Rome and in Vatican City on 13 February 2018.